Lower Education Status Associates With Axial Motor Burden In Parkinson Disease (P5.265)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Lower educational status is a risk factor for dementia amongst elderly individuals. Axial motor impairments in Parkinson disease (PD) significantly influence mortality and quality of life and are typically less responsive to dopaminergic medications. Axial motor features are thought to be caused by neurodegeneration in extranigral systems whose varied underlying causes may share pathogenic overlap with mechanisms seen in other common dementing disorders. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional clinical-neuroimaging study of 85 subjects with Parkinson disease to explore the association between years of education and axial motor burden as determined by the summed 5-item Levy B criteria assessed using the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) motor exam. Multivariable linear regression was used to control for possible confounders including subject age, disease duration, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, total adjusted gray matter volume on T1-weighted MRI estimated using Freesurfer, and degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation estimated by striatal [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) distribution volume ratio (DVR) relative to the neocortex. Results: The overall regression model significantly predicted axial motor burden (F=6.10, p<0.0001). Years of education (t=-2.10, p=0.0387), age (t=2.77, p=0.0071) and striatal DTBZ DVR (t=-2.74, p =0.0076) associated with axial motor burden severity. MoCA score (t=-0.89, p=0.3784), total adjusted gray matter volume (t=1.02, p=0.3086), and disease duration (t=1.86, p=0.0673) were not significant predictors in the multivariable model. Conclusions: Lower education status may be a risk factor for axial motor impairments in Parkinson disease. This effect is not fully explained by comorbid cognitive dysfunction, severity of dopaminergic denervation, or alterations in total grey matter volume and may relate to other unmeasured--and potentially alterable--factors including health behaviors and other risk factors more prevalent amongst those with lower educational status. Supported by NIH grants PO1 NS015655, RO1 NS070856, Department of Veterans Affairs and the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".