Biological Effects of Rosemary Extract in Human Lung Cancer Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the most cancer‐related deaths. Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a very aggressive form of lung cancer and is characterized by resistance to chemo‐ and radiotherapy thus, finding new ways to inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation and survival is very important. Many phytochemicals have emerged as having potential chemotherapeutic effects and rosemary extract (RE) has been shown to have anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo however, limited evidence exists regarding its effect in NSCLC cells. The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of RE on NSCLC cell proliferation, and investigate its effects on the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways which regulate cell proliferation and survival. Various NSCLC cell lines (A549, H1299, H460) with different histologies and mutations were treated with varying concentrations of RE. Cell proliferation was measured by crystal violet assay, clonogenic assays were performed to examine the effects of RE on cell survival, and immunoblotting with phospho‐ specific antibodies was performed to examine signaling events. RE dose‐dependently inhibited cell proliferation in all cell lines. Significant inhibition of cell proliferation was seen at concentrations as low as 5µg/mL. Maximum inhibition (% of untreated control ± SE) was seen at 50µg/mL (21.9% ± 2.6, p<0.001) in A549, 50µg/mL (30.7% ± 3.0, p<0.001) in H460, and 25µg/mL (23.3% ± 1.3, p<0.001) in H1299 cells. RE (50µg/mL) inhibited total and phosphorylated levels of Akt, while phosphorylated levels of AMPK were enhanced. Clonogenic survival was also inhibited by RE. Our data suggest that RE may have potent anticancer properties in NSCLC and warrants further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".