Histiocyte function and development in the normal immune system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Histiocytes, represent the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) that can give rise to histiocytoses when they accumulate pathogenically in tissues due to dysregulation of proliferation or survival. This nomenclature may be somewhat misleading as histiocytes, in the strict sense, are macrophages located in connective tissue. However, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) of different origins, which now are joined in the MPS, can give rise to different forms of histiocytosis, and this deviation is not restricted to connective tissue macrophages. As no alternative term exists that better describes the aberrant accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes, the term ‘histiocytes’ in the current context thus indicates mononuclear phagocytes in general. Heterogeneity of the MPS The MPS consists of hematopoietic cells with very diverse characteristics, originally recognized as related cells on the basis of a common lineage derivation and primary function of endocytosis (van Furth et al. , 1972; van Furth, 1980). In general, cells of the MPS originate in bone marrow and migrate as monocytes through the blood to peripheral tissues, where they develop into mature cells with different features depending on tissue-specific environmental conditions. Macrophages occur virtually in all organs. Moreover, each organ contains multiple, phenotypically different macrophage subpopulations. For example, lung hosts at least two different macrophage types: alveolar macrophages in alveolar spaces and interstitial macrophages integrated in the tissue. Microglia are phagocytes of the nervous tissue, osteoclasts of bone and Kupffer cells of liver.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".