Hypospadias: Psychosocial, Sexual, and Reproductive Consequences in Adult Life
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hypospadias is a developmental anomaly that, in boys, is associated at birth with 1) an ectopic opening of the urethral meatus on the ventral aspect of the glans or penis or in a scrotal or perineal position; 2) abnormal distribution of the penile skin, lacking on the ventral aspect and abundant on the dorsal aspect; and 3) sometimes ventral curvature, or chordee, of the penis.The etiology of most hypospadias not linked to intersex disorders or identifiable syndromes is unknown.However, a consensus exists that genetic, developmental, endocrine, and environmental factors are probably involved in its pathogenesis to varying degrees.Hypospadias is a malformation that occurs in approximately 1 to 250 to 1 to 300 total live births (boys and girls).The prevalence of hypospadias markedly increased, in fact doubled, between 1970 and 1990 in Europe (Hungary, England and Wales, Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and in North America (United States, Canada) (Congenital Malformations Worldwide, 1991;Paulozzi, 1999).The causes of this increase are as yet unclear.In most cases, hypospadias is diagnosed at birth (Zaontz and Packer, 1997); it can also be diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound (Sides et al, 1996).Although clinical diagnosis is easy in the severe forms, it is not so in minor forms.Analysis of meatal location in adult men without a history of hypospadias admitted to the hospital for either treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia or superficial bladder cancer (n ϭ 500) or general examination for health insurance (n ϭ 1244) showed a meatus located in the distal third of the glans in 55% and 96.3%, respectively, and in the proximal third in 13% and 0.2% of men (Fichtner et al, 1995;Uygur et al, 1999).After diagnosis, management of hypospadias is surgical and aims This study received no support in the form of financial aid, grants, or equipment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".