Relation of substorm pre‐onset arc to large‐scale field‐aligned current distribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Substorm auroral onset often occurs along a pre‐existing arc that is associated with an enhanced upward field‐aligned current (FAC). To determine the location of the upward FAC of the pre‐onset arc relative to the large‐scale region 1 (R1) and 2 (R2) FACs, we present coordinated observations of the THEMIS all‐sky imagers and CHAMP satellite, where CHAMP passed over relatively stable, pre‐onset arcs within the 30 min period before substorm auroral onset. We found that the upward FAC corresponding to the pre‐onset arc is latitudinally separated from the upward R1 FAC within the onset MLT range. In contrast, the arc is located near the R1‐R2 boundary to the west and east of the onset MLT range. This MLT dependence suggests that an east‐west oriented upward FAC sheet forms within the downward R2 FAC as a precursor FAC signature for substorm auroral onset.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".