Weathering crust processes on melting glacier ice (Alberta, Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis examines the relationship between the energy balance and hydrology of a glacier at the ice surface interface during the melt season. Experimental sub-catchments were established on the ablation area of the Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada, during the summers of 1994, 1995 and 1997. These sub-catchments were equipped with meteorological and hydrological instrumentation to examine relationships in the surface layer. Specifically, the development of a phenomenon known as the weathering crust is followed by examining the ratio between potential surface lowering (calculated from energy available for melt) and actual surface lowering (as measured in the field). This enables an indirect division of weathering crust development into growth and decay stages. Weathering crust growth is driven by K* while decay is driven by positive inputs of QH + QE + L*. Analysis was undertaken within periods of weathering crust growth, crustal decay and when little or no apparent melt was occurring. Actual differences between measured and potential surface lowering were also calculated. Further, associated stage records for the 1997 field season were examined for periods of weathering crust growth and decay in order to examine lags within the system. This analysis led to the simulation of ice densities at increasing depths within an ice column, based on weathering crust processes. The simulation was driven by data collected in the field. An addition to the simulation which allows for re-freezing of water within the crust indicates that the effect of re-freezing of ice during the melt season is virtually negligible. Further, subsurface priming is indicated under daytime conditions when there is a net energy loss at the surface. It is proposed that the results from the simulations produce a suitable surrogate for indicating the resultant changes in ice density given weathering crust development, thus providing an insight into events in the field. It is concluded that the weathering crust phenomenon is a complex relationship between energy inputs, initial crustal conditions and mechanical thresholds. Daytime weathering crust decay is the most complicated to analyse, as growth and decay are occurring simultaneously, even though decay is the dominant process. Daytime growth and nocturnal decay are the most straightforward cases. Weathering crust development appears to dampen catchment response by increasing storage in the lower density ice in the late morning. Further, the storage capacity of a highly developed weathering crust can result in drainage from the system overnight. This overnight drainage can be compounded by nocturnal crustal decay.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".