Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian English is one of the oldest transported varieties of English. Newfoundland, Canada's tenth province, is perhaps the oldest English-speaking colony in the New World, having been claimed by England in 1497, but Newfoundland English must be treated separately from other varieties of Canadian English because Newfoundland had a different settlement pattern and a long autonomous colonial history before becoming a province of Canada in 1949. (See Clarke, this volume.) In this chapter, I deal with mainland Canadian English, that is, with varieties spoken everywhere but Newfoundland. Mainland Canadian English is also venerable. English-speaking settlers began arriving in the part of the world that would become mainland Canada in 1713 when the French were forced to cede their colonies on the Atlantic seaboard to Britain, under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht which ended Queen Anne's War. Those colonies, called Acadie by the French, became charter members of the Canadian Confederation 156 years later as the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. In 1763, fifty years after English-speaking settlers began arriving in Acadia, the French lost another war to England and were forced to cede their inland colony on the St Lawrence River, called Nouvelle France , in the Treaty of Paris. At that point, all of mainland Canada came open to English-speaking colonists. England was a much more avid empire-builder than France had been (Chambers and Heisler 1999) and settlers began arriving in fair numbers soon after.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".