Effect of the class of switching-mode power amplifiers on the efficiency of band-pass delta-sigma architectures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the impact of using a non-50-% duty cycle square-wave as an input signal, on the efficiency performance of different types of switching-mode power amplifiers (SMPAs). This investigation is important when the power amplifier (PA) is fed with bi-level pulses with a duty cycle different from the typical value of 50 %. This is the case in bandpass delta-sigma (BPDS) modulation where the duty cycle of the output pulses may vary from 0 % to 100 % based on the type of modulation and signal statistics. Simulation results show that the class-E PA is less sensitive to the variation of the duty cycle than the class-F and the class-D modes of operation. Therefore class-E PA is the best choice to be employed in band-pass delta-sigma based transmitter designs. Besides the PAs performance comparison, a correction on the efficiency calculation of the SMPAs driven by a duty cycle varying signal, is proposed in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".