Superficial Fungal Diseases of the Hair, Skin, and Nails
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The vast majority of fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are caused by the dermatophytes, and yeasts including Candida species and Malassezia furfur . Because these entities can mimic nonfungal diseases, proper diagnosis is essential. Some fungi causing systemic infections may begin as cutaneous lesions. In most cases, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, culture, and or biopsy can give a definitive diagnosis. Treatment may involve topical and/or systemic antifungal therapy. THE DERMATOPHYTES The dermatophytes are keratinophilic organisms that are found in specific ecological niches. Those found in the soil are referred to as geophilic organisms. Some primarily infect hair, skin, and nails of humans and are transmitted human to human (anthropophilic), and others are mainly found in fur, feathers, skin, and nails of animals (zoophilic). When transmitted to humans, zoophilic and geophilic organisms tend to be much more inflammatory than anthropophilic organisms. Factors precluding dermatophycosis include inoculum size, host immune status, the particular organism, a suitable environment, fungal growth rate exceeding epidermal turnover, and in certain instances the host genetics. The term tinea refers to dermatophycosis or a dermatophyte infection due to one of the following genera: Epidermophyton, Trichophyton , or Microsporum . Dermatophyte infections are described by their location on the body: tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (glabrous skin), tinea faciei (face), tinea cruris (groin), tinea manuum (hand), tinea pedis (feet), tinea barbae (beard), and tinea unguium (nails).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".