28 GHz channel modeling using 3D ray-tracing in urban environments
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the radio channel characteristics at mmWave frequencies for 5G cellular communications in urban scenarios. 3D-ray tracing simulations in the downtown areas of Ottawa and Chicago are conducted in both the 2 GHz and 28 GHz bands. Each area has two different deployment scenarios, with different transmitter height and different density of buildings. Based on the observations of the ray-tracing experiments, important parameters of the radio channel model, such as path loss exponent, shadowing variance, delay spread and angle spread, are provided, forming the basis of a mmWave channel model. Based on the analysis and the 3GPP 3D-Spatial Channel Model (SCM) framework, we introduce a a preliminary mmWave channel model at 28 GHz.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it