Durability in a Salt Solution of Pultruded Composite Materials Used in Structural Sections for Bridge Deck Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study addresses the durability of glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultruded structural sections used in bridge-deck applications, namely, a flat plate with T-shaped ribs (R-GFRP) and a corrugated plate (C-GFRP). Standard coupons were aged for up to 224 days at 23, 40, and 55°C in separate baths of 3% salt solutions simulating deicing conditions. The tensile-strength retentions and Young’s moduli were measured periodically. Data were assessed using ANOVA. Microstructure assessments using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to provide additional assessment of degradation. It was shown that after 224 days, the tensile strength retentions of the R-GFRP and C-GFRP were similar, and that they decreased from 77 to 63% as the temperature increased from 23 to 55°C. The observed reductions were confirmed by micrographs showing some surface cracks and separations between the fibers and the matrix, but results also showed that the polymer matrix was not fully degraded by the hydrolysis because no significant changes occurred in the glass transition temperature after exposure. When data were fitted in the Arrhenius service-life model, it showed that after 100 years, R-GFRP will suffer more deterioration than C-GFRP because the strength retentions at a location with annual mean temperatures of 10°C were 42 and 61%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".