The Chemistry, Photophysics and Photosensitizing Properties of Phthalocyanines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are being extensively studied as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. They strongly absorb clinically useful red light, with maxima around 670 nm and 770 nm respectively. Chelated with appropriate diamagnetic metal ions, they exhibit high triplet yields and long triplet lifetimes. Energy transfer from the triplet dye to ground-state oxygen to yield singlet oxygen appears to be the main photosensitizing pathway in biological systems. Underivatized Pcs and Ncs can be incorporated in liposomes for in vivo administration. Sulphonation renders the dyes water soluble but also enhances dimerization to yield photochemically inactive aggregates. Tumour retention and cell membrane penetration of the dyes are strongly affected by the polarity of the macrocycle as well as the nature of the central metal ion and axial ligands. Among the sulphonated dyes, amphiphilic mono- and disulphonated derivatives exhibit particularly good cell membrane-penetrating properties, although the more highly sulphonated dyes show better tumour retention in vivo. At least in vitro, Pc dyes are more photoactive than the corresponding Nc dyes, which probably reflects the lower photostability of the latter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".