Bibliographic record
Abstract
In early civilizations and other complex preindustrial societies, inequality was regarded as a normal condition and injustice as a personal misfortune or even an individual's just deserts rather than as a social evil (Weber 1976 [1896]: 258). Structures based on differential power were pervasive. Every child was born into and socialized by a family that was internally hierarchized in the image of the state. The subordination of children to their parents and, to varying degrees, of wives to their husbands went unquestioned, as did corporal punishment as a means of enforcing obedience and discipline (Trigger 1985b). Young people were expected to obey older people, especially older men. ‘Father’, ‘king’, and ‘god’ were often synonyms and metaphors for power. While most small farming communities were already hierarchized, they became even more so with the development of more complex societies. The most powerful and advantaged members of these communities strengthened their positions by acting as intermediaries between their fellow villagers and the state. The general pervasiveness of inequality ensured that its legitimacy went unquestioned. If egalitarian social organization was known to people in early civilizations, it was as a feature of small-scale and usually despised societies beyond the pale. In all early civilizations richer and more powerful people cultivated a distinctive lifestyle. They controlled the major public institutions and used this control to protect and enhance their wealth and power. They also tended to marry people of similar status and to restrict and control vertical social mobility.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".