Scales of variability of black carbon plumes over the Pacific Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scales of spatial variability of black carbon (BC) aerosol plumes are quantified during the HIPPO aircraft campaign, which flew multiple missions from pole‐to‐pole over the Pacific ocean. During the first three missions of HIPPO, over 400 vertical profiles of BC concentrations were obtained using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). In this work, a total of 100 plumes are identified and analyzed. Due to the nature of the HIPPO flight track, the plume length scale is defined along the slanted flight track, having both vertical and horizontal components. These plumes comprise 57% of the total BC mass measured and have a median scale of 113 km. An analysis of BC variability based on autocorrelation functions confirms that most of BC's variability exists on scales similar to the majority of measured plume scales, with a range of 85–155 km. The plume scales are compared to an effective along‐track global circulation model (GCM) resolution, which ranges from 20 km for low altitudes and steep ascents to 230 km for high altitudes and shallower ascents. The results suggest that plumes characterized predominantly by their horizontal variation at these scales are too small to be captured by GCMs running at resolutions currently suitable for climate simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".