A 15,800‐year record of atmospheric lead deposition on the Devon Island Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada: Natural and anthropogenic enrichments, isotopic composition, and predominant sources
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using appropriate clean methods for handling and preparation, 57 ice samples from the Devon Island Ice Cap, representing the period 134 to 15,800 years before present (BP), were analyzed for Pb, Sc, and Pb isotopes ( 206 Pb, 207 Pb, 208 Pb) using ICP‐SMS. The greatest Pb concentrations were found in samples dating from the Younger Dryas. Despite the large range in Pb concentrations (from 2.2 to 181 pg g −1 ), the Pb concentrations were proportional to those of Sc until 3100 BP when the Pb/Sc ratio exceeded by a factor of 2 the natural “background” value (Pb/Sc = 6.3 ± 1.8) for the first time. The uniform ratio of Pb to Sc until 3100 BP is consistent with the hypothesis that soil dust particles derived from physical and chemical weathering dominate the inputs of Pb to the atmosphere, with the magnitude of these sources climate‐dependent. Isotopic analyses of Pb further support this paradigm, with the average ratio of 206 Pb/ 207 Pb (1.230) and 208 Pb/ 206 Pb (2.059) well within the range given for the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). The shift to higher Pb/Sc ratios and lower 206 Pb/ 207 Pb values starting at 3100 BP is consistent with historical records and other archival evidence of the onset of atmospheric Pb contamination caused by Pb mining and smelting in the Iberian Peninsula. Since that time, the Devon Island ice core records several other episodes of notable atmospheric Pb contamination, including those dating from Roman and medieval times, as well as the industrial period. The Pb, Sc, and Pb isotope data presented here represent the first chemical and isotopic record of the natural, “background” atmospheric inputs to the Canadian Arctic, against which modern values may be compared.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".