Turbulence Generated by Microscale Breaking Waves and its Influence on Air-Water Gas Transfer
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results from a series of wind-wave flume experiments using simultaneous DPIV (digital particle image velocimetry) measurements and IR (infrared) imagery to investigate microscale breaking waves are presented. We show that the IR signatures of microscale breaking waves are produced by a series of strong vortices that form behind the leading edge of the breakers. These strong vortices disrupt the cool skin layer and generated a thin layer of enhanced turbulence immediately below the air-water interface. In addition we used CFT (controlled flux technique) to make measurements of the local heat transfer velocity and found that the transfer velocity was correlated with the near-surface vertical turbulent velocity. We conclude that near-surface turbulence generated by microscale wave breaking determines the transfer rate at low to moderate wind speeds.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it