Dietary Content and Gastrointestinal Function of Soybean Oligosaccharides in Monogastric Animals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soybean is a major ingredient in non-ruminant animal diets throughout the world. There is an extensive body of information suggesting that soybean is an excellent source of high quality protein, whereas less attention has been paid to soybean oligosaccharides. Soybean oligosaccharides, also referred to as ┙-galacto-oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides of the raffinose family or simply ┙-galactosides, are water-soluble, low-molecular weight carbohydrates raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. In maturing seeds, oligosaccharides are formed by successive addition of galactosyl moieties to a sucrose primer. Alpha-galactosides are characterized by the presence of ┙(1→6) linkages between galactose moieties which are bonded via ┙(1→3) to terminal sucrose. Unlike other oligosaccharides, soybean ┙galactosides can be extracted directly from the raw material and do not require enzymatic manufacturing processes. Soybean oligosaccharides comprise approximately 4% of the soybean dry matter (DM) and during processing in the preparation of soybean meal (SBM) they are not removed or destroyed. Therefore, in SBM, ┙-galactosides represent approximately 5-6% but could be as high as 8% DM. Other processed soybean products, however, may contain significantly less oligosaccharides than SBM. The oligosaccharide content of soy protein concentrates (SPC) is as low as 3% DM while soy protein isolates (SPI) contain only trace amounts of oligosaccharides. Soybean oligosaccharides appear to be indigestible in the upper intestinal tract of monogastric animals due to the absence of ┙-galactosidase enzyme. However, they are easily fermented by the lower gut microflora, resulting in the production of various gases and short-chain fatty acids. Studies have shown considerable microbial fermentation of ┙galactosides in the small intestine with some authors referring to soybean oligosaccharides as bifidogenic factors which stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria and others claiming that increased consumption of oligosaccharides may lead to negative effects in the large intestine of mammals, such as flatulence, diarrhea, and excessive dietary protein decay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".