Great Mining Camps of Canada 2. The History and Geology of the Anyox Copper Camp, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Anyox copper mining camp played a key role in the early development of northwestern British Columbia. It was discovered in 1889 and through persistence and belief in the project (a common theme in modern exploration), it was explored and brought into production in 1914 by Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Co., Ltd. A large, modern and self-sufficient town was built around the mine to accommodate, and care for, a large work force and their families, which reached a population of over 2500. Two electrical generating powerhouses were built, one coal fired and the other hydroelectric, to operate the mine, mill and smelter complex that produced blister copper (~99% purity). Over 21.73 million tonnes of copper ore, at an average recovered grade of 1.68% Cu, 10.8 g/t Ag and 0.20 g/t Au, were treated and smelted between 1914 and 1935 to produce 321 546 tonnes of copper, 206 309 kg (6.6 million oz) of silver, and 3773 kg (121 300 oz) of gold. Considering the remoteness of the mine and the technologies available at the time, this was a remarkable achievement and an indication of the quality of engineering, construction and management provided by Granby. The operation closed permanently when the copper market was decimated by the Great Depression, and whatever was salvageable was dismantled and shipped out. Since then, the area has seen episodic exploration activities and received scientific studies that have led to a modern understanding of the geological setting and origin of the Anyox copper deposits. The mafic volcanic and sedimentary host rocks at Anyox are assigned to the Upper Triassic to Upper Jurassic Hazelton and Bowser Lake groups, respectively. The massive sulfide lenses are volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits that originally formed at, or near the palaeo seafloor, by hydrothermal processes. The hydrothermal system was long-lived and precipitated sulfides mainly at the stratigraphic contact between the mafic volcanic and sedimentary host rocks, although some sulfides also occur in the immediate footwall and hanging-wall of this contact. An interval of cherty sedimentary rocks marks the contact and serves as an important stratigraphic marker for further exploration. The stratigraphic setting, hydrothermal alteration, style of mineralization and geochemistry of the mafic volcanic rocks are all consistent with the deposit having formed in a sediment-covered, spreading-ridge setting, such as Middle Valley on the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, off the coast of British Columbia. It is noteworthy that the Hazelton Group also hosts the famous Eskay Creek gold deposit, which is about 200 km north of Anyox. Eskay Creek is a precious metal-rich variant of the VMS family and correlations between Anyox and Eskay Creek may stimulate additional phases of exploration and possibly further chapters in the history of Anyox. SOMMAIRE Le camp minier cuprifere d'Anyox a joue un role cle dans le developpement du Nord-Ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. Decouvert en 1889, il a ete mis en production en 1914 par la Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Co. Ltd., apres qu'on y eut investi une bonne dose de foi et de persistance (theme tres actuel de l'exploration contemporaine). Une grande ville moderne et autosuffisante a ete construite autour de la mine permettant d'y accueillir et de repondre aux besoins d'une main-d'œuvre considerable et de leurs familles, une population qui a atteint 2 500 personnes. Deux centrales electriques y ont ete construites, l'une au charbon et l'autre hydraulique. Ces deux centrales permettaient d'alimenter la mine, l'usine de traitement et la fonderie, un complexe permettant de produire du cuivre a soufflures d'une purete de 99 % environ. Plus de 21,73 millions de tonnes de minerai de cuivre - a des teneurs moyennes de 1,68 % de Cu, 10,8 g/t d'Ag et 0,20 g/t d'Au - y ont ete traitees entre 1914 et 1935, ce qui a donne 321 546 tonnes de cuivre, 206 309 kg (6,6 millions d'onces) d'argent, et 3 773 kg (121 000 onces) d'or. Considerant l'eloignement de la mine et les technologies disponibles alors, les resultats obtenus sont tout a fait remarquable et l'indication de la qualite de l'ingenierie, de la construction et de la gestion de Granby. Au moment de la Grande Depression, alors que le prix du marche du cuivre s'est effondre, ce complexe minier a ete ferme et tout ce qui en valait la peine a ete demantele et transporte ailleurs. Depuis lors, la region a ete l'objet d'activite d'exploration et de recherches scientifiques episodiques, ce qui a permis d'en tirer une comprehension moderne de son cadre geologique et de l'origine des gisements de cuivre d'Anyox. Les roches hotes d'Anyox des Groupes de Hazelton et du lac Bowser sont des volcaniques mafiques et sedimentaires datant respectivement du Triassique superieur et du Juras-sique superieur. Les gisements de lentilles de sulfures massifs sont des sulfures massifs volcanogeniques (SMV) qui se sont formes a l'origine pres ou sur le fond oceanique par des processus hydrothermaux. Ce systeme hydrothermal qui a fonctionne longtemps a precipite des sulfures principalement au contact stratigraphique des roches volcaniques avec les roches sedimentaires hotes, mais on trouve aussi des sulfures a proximite immediate du toit et du plancher de ce contact. Un intervalle de roches sedimentaire siliceuses constitue un important marqueur stratigraphique. Le contexte stratigraphique, l'alteration hydrother-male, le style de la mineralisation et la geochimie des roches volcaniques mafiques sont autant de facteurs sou-tenant l'hypothese d'un gisement ayant ete forme en milieu de crete de fond oceanique migrante recouverte de sediments, comme celle de Middle Valley de la portion nord de la crete de Juan de Fuca, au large de la cote de Colombie-Britannique. On notera avec interet que les roches du Groupe de Hazelton sont aussi les roches hotes du fameux gisement d'or d'Eskay Creek, situe a environ 200 km au nord d'Anyox. Le gisement d'Eskay Creek est une variante riche en metaux precieux de la famille de la famille des SMV, et toutes correlations etablies entre Anyox et Eskay Creek pourraient relancer d'autres episodes d'exploration, et ajouter d'autres chapitres a l'histoire d'Anyox.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".