Resurgent Islamic Fundamentalism as an Integrative Factor in the Politics of Africa and the Middle East
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism, otherwise called the Islamist movements, brought the debate about Orientalism back to public attention. Those who postulate a cultural essence that underlies and unifies Islamic history are considered to beneo-Orientalists. It is significant, however, that there is a convergence between the view of the so-called neoOrientalists and that of the Islamists, who insist on the monolithic universality of Islam (Zubayda 1997, 103; vAli 1999, 2). The politicization of Islam in the 1980s and 1990s must be explained in terms of social, political and economic context (Carapico 1997, 3 1 ). Algeria's armed Islamist insurgency arose from political exclusion, economic misery and social injustice. Likewise, the violent clashes in the poor quarter of Imbaba in Cairo should be explained by the living conditions there, which might have caused even more violence (Beinin and Stork 1997, 17). In other words, we should pay careful attention to political and economic conjunctures, national particularities and local histories (Vitalis 1997, 102). For Muslims, history is of great significance, particularly the period of the Prophet and his Companions, known as the days of the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".