Bibliographic record
Abstract
Slags are molten oxides and are present in a number of the high temperature industrialnprocesses, for example, smelting processes used to produce metals and coal gasificationnprocesses used to produce electricity. These complex liquid oxide phases play a key role innremoving unwanted elements from the several hundred million tonnes of metal producednannually as well as in removing massive amounts of coal ashes during the gasificationnprocesses. Given the scale of the industry even small improvements to operating practicenresult in significant economic gains.n n Despite the relative maturity of the metallurgical and coal industries, problems of accuratelynpredicting the physical and chemical properties of complex slags still remain. Understandingnand controlling the behaviour of the slag phase is crucial to improving the technical andneconomic efficiencies of these operations. Viscosity is one of the most important properties ofnthe slags.n n The aim of this project is to develop a general model of the viscosities of complex molten andnmulti-phase slag systems based on the fundamental chemical and structural properties of thenmelts. These fundamental properties will be derived from chemical thermodynamic models,nwhich have recently been developed in collaboration by the research teams of The Universitynof Queensland and The University of Montreal. The fundamental properties derived from thenthermodynamic model will then be related to the viscosity of the homogeneous liquid slag. Innaddition, use of new thermodynamic models in conjunction with the FactSage computerndatabase, will enable the viscosities of multi-phase systems of importance to industrialnoperations to be predicted. The viscosity modelling has the potential for widespread industrialnapplications.n n Summary of the work undertaken by PhD candidate:n mnnnnnnn bnn critical and broad review of scientific literature on the theory ofnnn nn liquid viscosity,nexperimental results and models of the silicaten nn structure, experimental results andnmodels of the viscosity of fully nn liquid as well as partly crystallised silicate meltsn(chaptersn nn 1-6);bnnn modified Urbain viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Alz03-nn CaO-'FeO'-SiOznsystem at metallic iron saturationnn nn (chapter7);b n heterogeneous viscosity model (Roscoe's equation with newlyn nn optimisedncoefficients in conjunction with thennodynamic nn computer package FactSagec) fornpartly crystallised slags in then nn Ah03-CaO-'FeO'-Si02 system at metallic ironnsaturation (chapter nn 8);b nn application of the Vladimirov/Jak polymeric model to the nn description of the slagnstructure in the Al2)3-n nn CaO-lFeOr-SiO2 system at metallic iron saturation andnestimation nn of the average size of the structural units of viscous flow in this nn systemn(chapter 9);b n nquasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the nn Ah03-CaO-'FeO'-Si02nsystem at metallic iron saturation (chapter nn 10);b n ndevelopment of the high temperature viscosity apparatus (chapter nn 11);n applications of the modified Urbain viscosity model to various industrial processes (coalnblending, slag deposit flow) (chapter 12).n
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".