Australasia: wetlands of Australia and New Zealand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Australia and New Zealand are in the Oceania biogeographic realm; regional wetland variations reflect different bedrock types, and tidal and wave regimes; Australia is tectonically stable, with a wide spectrum of climates, many estuaries and unique inland ‘billabongs’; mangroves are similar to the Indonesian islands that were connected by Ice-Age land bridges; lack of Australian icesheets means the history of sea level change is different; there are four coastal wetlands types: Barrier Reef mangroves, northern mudflat mangroves, giant stromatolite carbonate bioherms and sandy headlands with the world’s southernmost mangroves; New Zealand is a tectonically active part of the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, with volcanoes and frequent earthquakes; it has cool-temperate salt marshes and shrubby mangroves; one of the last Pacific regions to be colonized by humans, New Zealand has already lost 90% of its wetlands. In this chapter, we review the salient features of the coastal wetlands in the continent of Australia and the islands of New Zealand (Figure 11.1), both of which are in the Ramsar Oceania biogeographic region (Figure 6.1). Australia is the smallest of the world’s continents, but it covers a large latitudinal range, stretching from 11° S of the Equator to the edge of the cool temperate climate region at ~44° S; its coastline includes many estuarine areas (Figure 11.1), although it has no large deltas in serious danger of destruction by rising sea level. New Zealand is a much smaller country, extending from ~35 to 48° S; it is one of the last of the Pacific regions to be colonized by humans, but already has lost 90% of its wetlands (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2007; Silliman et al ., 2009). Southern Australia and New Zealand North Island have the southernmost of the world’s mangroves, but these countries differ greatly in climate and tectonic setting. Australia has the world’s oldest rocks, which largely have been tectonically stable for >65 million years, whereas New Zealand is part of the Polynesian active ‘Ring of Fire’. The two Australasian subregions are therefore discussed separately in this book.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".