Representing conditional expectations as elementary operators
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Abstract
Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Superscript asterisk"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> ∗ </mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C^{*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -algebra and let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {B}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Superscript asterisk"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> ∗ </mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C^{*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -subalgebra of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . We call a linear operator from <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> to <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {B}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> an elementary conditional expectation if it is simultaneously an elementary operator and a conditional expectation of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {A}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> onto <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper B"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal {B}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a faithful elementary conditional expectation of a prime unital <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper C Superscript asterisk"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> ∗ </mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C^{*}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -algebra onto a subalgebra containing the identity element. We give a description of all faithful elementary conditional expectations. We then use these results to give necessary and sufficient conditions for certain conditional expectations to be index-finite (in the sense of Watatani) and we derive an inequality for the index.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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