Aortic arch atheroma and the risk of stroke: a meta‐analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have suggested that aortic atheroma may play a role in cerebral embolization; however, no meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between aortic atheroma and risk of stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the presence of aortic atheroma and risk of stroke. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of observational studies reporting the relationship between the presence of aortic atheroma and stroke using the PubMed, EMbase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI), Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), and WanFang Data databases. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility and extracted data from the included studies. We performed the meta-analysis to estimate the strength of the association according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guideline and assessed the study quality by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS: We identified 12 eligible studies with 3918 participants. The scores of the NOS of the included studies ranged from 5 to 9. The pooled estimate of strength of the association between the presence of aortic atheroma and stroke was statistical significant (OR = 3.93, 95%CI 2.86 to 5.40). In subgroup analysis according to plaques' morphology, complex aortic atheroma had significantly higher (OR = 5.90, 95%CI 4.14 to 8.41) risk of stroke than protruding atheroma (OR = 3.75, 95%CI 3.05 to 4.61). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that aortic atheroma significantly increased the risk of stroke by about four times. Patients with complex aortic atheroma have a higher risk of stroke than protruding atheroma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Meta-analysis | high |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Review About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Meta-analysis | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.044 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".