The Critical Role of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in Employment Generation: An Indian Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indian economy towards employment generation. It is found that this sector provides employment to nearly 60 million people through 26 million enterprises. In terms of employment generation, place of MSMEs is next to agriculture. Second All India census of Small Scale Industries (Financial Year 1987-88) had recorded 121.74 per cent growth in employment in this sector. Though the Third All India census of Small Scale Industries (Financial Year 2001-02) showed a decline in the growth of employment, this sector has achieved better growth in the fourth census (Financial Year 2006-07) as a reflection of the structural reforms implemented in the Indian economy. This study also reveals that the unregistered enterprises generate more than 80 per cent of the employments. By computing the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in the MSMEs sector of India, it has seen that CAGR for the growth of employment in the post reform period is higher than the pre reform period. Even after the integration of Indian economy with global economy in 1991, MSMEs sector of India has performed well in employment generation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".