Kallikrein–Kinin System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Two similar proteolytic cascades lead to release of bradykinin and Lys‐bradykinin in tissues; these peptides act as autocoids, the first favouring blood clotting and endothelial protection, the second by initiating and maintaining tissue reactions to noxious stimuli. Kinin biological actions are mediated by two different receptor types, the constitutive B 2 which promotes initial reactions and the inducible B 1 which may later maintain mechanisms of defense and repair. Key Concepts Kinin–kallikrein system is a hormonal system that plays a major role in inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation, pain and cellular proliferation. Kinin–kallikrein system involves coagulation factor XII (FXII), the complex of prekallikrein (PK) and high‐molecular‐weight kininogen (HK). Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma serine protease produced by hepatocytes. Factor XII activates factor XI and prekallikrein. Kallikreins (tissue and plasma kallikrein) are serine proteases that liberate kinins (bradykinin, BK and kallidin, KD) from the kininogens (HK and LK). High‐molecular‐weight kininogen and low‐molecular‐weight kininogen are precursors of the kinins, (HK) is precursor of BK and (LK) is precursor of KD. Bradykinin (BK) is a nonapeptide hormone with sequence Arg‐Pro‐Pro‐Gly‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Phe‐Arg. BK is produced when kallikrein releases it from HK. Kallidin (KD) has the same amino acid sequence as Bradykinin with the addition of a Lysine at the N‐terminus, thus it is also called Lys‐BK. Kallidin is released from LK by tissue kallikrein. Kinins are potent hypotensive peptide hormones that are also involved in pain, neurotransmission, inflammation and cell proliferation processes. The various physiopathological actions of kinins are mediated by two receptor types, called B 1 R and B 2 R, which are G‐protein coupled receptors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".