Bibliographic record
Abstract
The briefing contextualizes the global debate on food security and trade policy instruments, defining the situation in Africa in general and Southern Africa in particular, and charts the broad contours of possible regional responses via the Southern African Development Community and the Southern African Customs Union from a trade perspective. The purpose of the briefing is to outline broad impacts that global scenarios bring to bear on staple foods consumed, whether grown in, imported into or exported from the region. The analysis finds that there are definite elements of the global agricultural trade agenda where Africa has a particular interest. These are focused primarily on market access issues, especially as regards preference erosion and exemptions from reduction commitments. Africa also has a vested interest in supporting the newly strengthened text on disciplining export restrictions from food exporting nations. Secondary are the domestic support considerations on subsidies and their negative link to fostering local productive capabilities. Food security issues through food aid disciplines are essentially present in the export subsidy disciplines, which seem to effectively deal with food aid emergencies using the new safe box. Policy measures available in the short run include the provision of safety nets and social protection to the most vulnerable consumers in both rural and urban areas, as well as the enhancement of short term supply responses by smallholder farmers. Improved trade policies can also yield important gains, using the existing and emerging World Trade Organization rules. In the longer run, it will be important to address the fundamentals that increase investment in agriculture, both public and private, and improve the functioning of agricultural markets. © 2009 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 Fax: +1 (204) 958-7710 E-mail: info@iisd.ca Web site: http://www.iisd.org/ Agriculture: Future Scenarios for Southern Africa – Ensuring Food Security through Trade Policy
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".