Les familles sans enfant ou avec enfants : aisance ou pauvreté? Les faits au Canada et au Québec de 1971 à 1987
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Le but de cet article est d’analyser le statut économique relatif des couples avec enfants et sans enfant sur la période 1971-1987 au Canada et au Québec. On montre que la présence d’enfants dans les familles entraîne un coût d’opportunité en termes de niveau de vie qui réduit substantiellement la possibilité de vivre selon des standards élevés d’aisance matérielle et accroît le risque de pauvreté. Ceci soulève la question de la cohérence des modifications récentes, divergentes selon les paliers de gouvernement, des régimes de la fiscalité directe et des transferts à l’égard des familles avec enfants, dans le contexte actuel des faibles niveaux de fécondité au Canada et au Québec.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".