A Simulation Approach to Validate Models Derived from Observational Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protocol analysis is a suitable approach for studying cognitive behaviors. It is a psychological research method that elicits verbal reports from research participants, and is used to study the thinking process in the cognitive sciences (cognitive psychology, behavior analysis). Consequently, much of what we know in most domains and particularly in software engineering about practitioners' cognitive processes is based on researchers' use of protocol analysis (Robillard et al, 1998). Trickett & Trafton (2002) provide a comprehensive summary of practical how-to primers on protocol analysis. Hughes & Parkes (2003) provide an excellent survey of trends in the use of verbal protocol analysis in software engineering research. They found that some difficulties associated with the technique are: (i) the effort of devising a valid and reliable encoding scheme; (ii) the time-consuming nature of the encoding process; and (iii) the problem of comparing the results of researchers who have applied different encoding schemes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".