Toward an Externalizing Spectrum in <i>DSM–V</i> : Incorporating Developmental Concerns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Progress and innovation in DSM–V include the proposal of a new structural organization of disorders that stands to bring childhood and adult disorders together. Specifically, many common disorders would be grouped under broader dimensions of internalizing and externalizing problems. Although this distinction originated in childhood psychopathology research, current work has drawn heavily from studies with adults. The integration of common childhood disorders into the current approach remains an important task. This article reviews evidence for a structural model of externalizing pathology with a focus on research with younger populations and highlights both commonalities and distinctions that exist between externalizing dimensions in children and the externalizing spectrum in adults. The article also summarizes 3 areas that pose key questions for delineating an externalizing spectrum that better reflects developmental concerns: the incorporation of childhood disorders, the integration of temperament and personality traits, and better accounting for relevant developmental issues, including person–environment interaction, critical developmental periods, and differentiating normal and abnormal behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".