Ultracapacitor/battery hybrid energy storage system with real-time power-mix control validated experimentally in a custom electric vehicle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper experimentally demonstrates the benefits of integrating ultracapacitors (u-cap) into a custom electric vehicle. The new hybrid energy storage system (HESS) includes a 25 kW four-phase dc-dc converter connected in between the 33.8 kWh lithium phosphate battery pack and the u-caps. By combining the high energy-density of the battery and the high power-density and cycle-life of u-caps, the HESS delivers high power while minimizing peak battery current during acceleration and regenerative braking. Real-time power-mix control within the HESS using the dc-dc converter is the main challenge addressed in this project. In one experimental test-drive, the HESS not only improves the maximum power of the EV from 38 kW (50 hp) to 52 kW (70 hp), but also captures the majority of the regenerative braking energy, greatly reducing the stress on the battery pack.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".