Economic impact of Light Rail : The results of 15 urban areas in France, Germany, UK and North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This report concerns the economic effects of light rail investment in urban transport areas in Europe, Canada and the USA. Effects are divided into direct indicators (values of properties and rent near light rail stations); indirect indicators (pedestrian and car use trends, economic benefits for businesses); and land use indicators (change of retail character). Residential property and rent values were often higher when near a light rail line; office prices were also higher in many cases. New city centre tram stops can increase the number of pedestrians and hence retail turnover: car ownership was seen to be lower per household along tram corridors. It seemed that economic benefits of tram lines accrued to smaller towns as well as larger. Fewer car parking spaces are needed and employers often base new workplaces near good transport links: workers find transport fares less expensive than parking charges. Changes in retail character of a town centre involved a greater number of fashion shops, as rents increase: older industrial areas start to attract leisure and cultural activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".