Recommended practice: Systems of systems considerations in the development of systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an international collaboration under The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), an international organization which collaborates on technical exchange and shared research. Developed under the Systems of Systems Work Stream of the Technical Panel on Systems Engineering and Modernization. Using ISO 15288 as a framework for integrating across the practical experiences of the nations, these recommended practices bring together the collective knowledge from across the US, UK, Canada and Australia on the SoS considerations that need to be addressed at key points in the system development process. The recommended practices are intended for use by systems engineers, program managers and acquisition oversight organizations in government and industry engaged in the development of defense systems in particular, but apply generally across large systems in other domains as well. The recommended practices were developed over a three year process of iterative development with activities in each nation with each iteration to review, apply and refine the information along with open input from industry and academia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.123 | 0.202 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.015 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".