A Comparative Review of Environmental Policies and Laws Involving Hazardous Private Dams: 'Appropriate' Practice Models for Safe Catchments
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Generally, the world’s largest dams have been erected and managedby governments, while individual owners have been responsible for privatedams. Both kinds of dams have experienced technical failures thathave resulted in tragic losses of life as well as disastrous damage to propertyand environment, and this has generated serious concerns regardingdams’ safety worldwide. In Australia, despite the fact that attention hasbeen focused on the physical and technical integrity of medium- to largescaledams, the smaller private dams have been virtually ignored withregard to their serious potential and actual problems. Specifically, privatedams pose threats to downstream communities and environmentin larger catchments due to these dams having potential cumulativesafety dangers. This paper establishes the significance of this problem.The main issues and concerns surrounding the (lack of) implementationof private dam safety assurance and environmental protection laws havebeen identified and illustrated with Australian case studies. An internationalcomparative review of private dam safety assurance policies, laws,and management practices has been conducted in order to provide a basisfor addressing these issues. The practices analyzed comprise Australia(including New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania), the United States(including Michigan and Washington), Canada (including Alberta), theUnited Kingdom, South Africa, and Finland. The review/analysis hasidentified benchmarks for and elements of “best” and “minimum” practicethat can and do exist successfully to control the safety management ofprivate dams and minimize both individual and cumulative dam safetythreats within catchments. These elements have led to the developmentof models of “best” and “minimum” practice and guidelines for selecting“appropriate” practice suitable for varying jurisdictional circumstances;their application is illustrated with an Australian case study. The modelsand associated comparative guidance provided here enable appropriatelaw and policy arrangements for private dam safety assurance to bedetermined and/or checked for any jurisdiction worldwide.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it