Chrysin relaxes cholecystokinin or KCl‐induced tension in male guinea pig gallbladder strips through multiple signaling pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The flavonoids are a large group of plant-derived phenolic compounds with biological effects including modulating vascular tone. The flavone, chrysin, has relaxant effects on vascular smooth muscle and intestinal smooth muscle. In this laboratory, chrysin relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) or KCl-induced tension. The relaxation was concentration dependent. An in vitro technique was used to determine which second messenger system(s) mediate the observed relaxation. Paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Differences between mean values with p<0.05 were considered significant. To determine if the PKA/cAMP second messenger system mediated the chrysin-induced relaxation, PKA inhibitor 14–22 amide myristolated (PKA-IM; 180 nM) was used. PKA-IM caused a significant (p<0.001) decrease in chrysin-induced relaxation (69.8±3.5 vs. 56.4±2.8%). When the PKC inhibitors bisindolymaleimide IV (0.5 μM) and chelerythrine Cl− (5 mM) were used together, a significant (p<0.01) reduction in chrysin-induced relaxation (57.9±4.4 vs. 52.2±5.1%) was observed. 2-APB (125 μM), an inhibitor of IP3 induced intracellular Ca2+, significantly (p<0.001) decreased the amount of chrysin-induced relaxation (60.7±6.0 vs. 49.1±2.5%). Genistein (10 μM), a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor had no significant effect on the chrysin-induced relaxation. L-NMMA (20μM), a NO synthase inhibitor, had no significant effect on the amount of chrysin-induced relaxation. The results show that the chrysin-induced relaxation is mediated by the PKA/cAMP and PKC second messenger systems. The release of intracellular Ca2+ is also involved in mediating the chrysin effect. Since chrysin also relaxed the KCl-induced tension, extracellular Ca2+ entry is also involved in mediating the chrysin-induced relaxation. In conclusion, the chrysin-induced relaxation is mediated by multiple signaling pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".