Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inflation is a fundamental category within an economy. Mainstream economists claim that its rate cannot be high nor too low, because it harms the economy. This is why today the basic aim of central banks is the maintenance of the increase of consumer prices on a low level. The main aim of the study is an evaluation of the level of fulfillment of National Bank of Poland’s inflation target that is fixed on the level of 2,5% annually with the accepted range of +/- 1 percentage point deviation. Main causes that were shaping the rate of real inflation were also specified. Research methods adopted in this paper are the deduction and the analysis of statistical indicators. In the period 2008-2011 the annual inflation in Poland was close to the inflation target only in 2010. In other years it was formed on the level around the higher border of the deviation range or above it. Main factors that influenced the increase of prices were: (1) changes in global demand – they were strongly influencing the inflation rate after 4 quarters and the most important category of global demand was consumption; (2) changes in wages – the increase of nominal wages was influencing the increase of prices mostly in the same quarter. After taking into account the changes of work efficiency, inflation reacted mainly after 4 quarters; (3) changes of prices of raw materials on world markets; (4) changes in the exchange rate of the zloty against the euro and the dollar. Their influence on consumer prices was also delayed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".