Lensless Miniature Portable Fluorometer for Measurement of Chlorophyll and CDOM in Water Using Fluorescence Contact Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the design, fabrication, and verification of a proof-of-concept miniature fluorometer, which is designed to measure chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration in aquatic environment. The system utilizes light emitting diodes (LEDs) for fluorescence excitation and absorption filters for excitation light attenuation. The excitation LED for chlorophyll has peak emission at 465 nm, and the excitation LED for CDOM has peak emission at 341 nm. Our device demonstrates the concept of attaching two different absorption filters on a single sensor array for measuring the fluorescence signal from two different fluorescent dyes. We have tested the system's ability to detect fluorescence from various concentrations of fluorescein as a close simulant and the calibration standard for chlorophyll, and quinine sulfate dihydrate (QSD) as a simulant and calibration standard for CDOM. We have successfully acquired the fluorescent signal for fluorescein between 0.7 and 1000 nM and for QSD between 2.6 and 638 nM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".