Extended, and Variable, Stroke Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<div class="htmlview paragraph">A description is given, with a supporting thermodynamic analysis, of a four-stroke Diesel engine concept with the expansion and exhaust strokes exceeding the induction and compression strokes due to the use of a novel linkage connecting the piston to the crankshaft. The advantage of such an arrangement, after allowing for engine internal friction losses, is a reduction of about 8% in specific fuel consumption relative to an otherwise similar conventional Diesel engine. There is also a corresponding reduction of emissions. An extension of the concept, incorporating a slightly more complex linkage, is applicable to spark-ignition engines. In this case the arrangement can be operated more flexibly since the expansion ratio can be adjusted with the engine running. This capability also allows a constant compression ratio to be maintained independently of the selected expansion ratio. Reducing, for spark-ignition engines, the induction and compression strokes while extending the expansion and exhaust strokes correspondingly allows the brake specific fuel consumption to be reduced by about 20% at 30 % of full load. This conclusion was also supported by detailed thermodynamic studies with due allowance being made for engine friction losses.</div>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it