Extended, and Variable, Stroke Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A description is given, with a supporting thermodynamic analysis, of a four-stroke Diesel engine concept with the expansion and exhaust strokes exceeding the induction and compression strokes due to the use of a novel linkage connecting the piston to the crankshaft. The advantage of such an arrangement, after allowing for engine internal friction losses, is a reduction of about 8% in specific fuel consumption relative to an otherwise similar conventional Diesel engine. There is also a corresponding reduction of emissions. An extension of the concept, incorporating a slightly more complex linkage, is applicable to spark-ignition engines. In this case the arrangement can be operated more flexibly since the expansion ratio can be adjusted with the engine running. This capability also allows a constant compression ratio to be maintained independently of the selected expansion ratio. Reducing, for spark-ignition engines, the induction and compression strokes while extending the expansion and exhaust strokes correspondingly allows the brake specific fuel consumption to be reduced by about 20% at 30 % of full load. This conclusion was also supported by detailed thermodynamic studies with due allowance being made for engine friction losses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".