Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Membrane lipids ofArchaeaare unique and distinct from those found inEukaryaandBacteria. The polar lipids consist of isoprenoid chains, 20–40 carbons in length and usually saturated, which are attachedviastable ether bonds to the glycerol carbons at thesn‐2,3 positions. Polar head groups differ at the genus level of diversity and consist of mixtures of glyco groups (mainly disaccharides), and/or phospho groups primarily phosphoglycerol, phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine or phosphoinositol. Phosphocholine headgroups are rarely found. Extremely halophilic archaea are characterised by headgroups consisting of phosphoglycerolphosphate‐O‐methyl, and sulfated‐sugars. Some of these archaea synthesise cardiolipin analogues. The inherent stability and unique features of archaeal lipids makes them a useful biomarker for Archaea within environmental samples, including ocean sediments. The polar lipids ofArchaeacan be used to make liposomes (closed vesicles referred to as archaeosomes) with characteristics that are useful for applications in biotechnology. Archaeal‐like polar lipids are being synthesised to optimise the properties of archaeosomes to serve as next‐generation adjuvants and drug delivery systems. Key Concepts: Archaeol (2,3‐diphytanyl‐sn‐glycerol), and variations thereof, define the polar lipids of the domain of life,Archaea. The structures of polar lipids biosynthesised provide a useful taxonomic feature to assign an isolate to the Genus level of classification. New polar lipid structures are being reported as the field expands to encompass novel isolates. These unique polar and neutral isoprenyl lipids can be used as biomarkers of archaea in environmental samples. Archaeal lipids can serve as a rich source for novel molecules not commonly found in nature, such as β‐l‐gulose. Archaeal polar lipid mixtures hydrate to form lipid membrane vesicles (archaeosomes) with bilayer, unilayer or a combination of uni and bilayer structure. Archaeosomes are generally nonfusogenicin vitro, but fusion can be dramatic for certain compositions by exposure to the combination of acidic pH, calcium and glycosidase. Archaeosomes function as safe vaccine adjuvants in mammals imparting long‐lasting CD8+T‐cell immunity and antibody responses. Isoprenoid lipids that retain the key archaeal‐lipid features are being synthesised to optimise their properties as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".