Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: philanthropy in America: historicism and its discontents Lawrence J. Friedman Part I. Giving and Caring in Early America, 1601-1861: 1. Giving in America: from charity to organised philanthropy Robert Gross 2. Protestant missionaries: pioneers of early American philanthropy Amanda Porterfield 3. The origins of Anglo-American sensibility G. J. Barker Benfield 4. The Dartmouth College case and the legal design of American philanthropy Mark McGarvie 5. Rethinking assimilation: American Indians and the practice of Christianity, 1800-1861 Stephen Warren 6. Antebellum reform: salvation, self-control, and social transformation Wendy Gamber Part II. The Nationalisation and Internationalising of American Philanthropy, 1861-1930: 7. Law, reconstruction, and African-American education in post-emancipation South Foy Finkenbine 8. Women and political culture Kathleen McCarthy 9. From gift to foundation: the philanthropic lives of Mrs Russell Sage Ruth Crocker 10. 'Curing evils at their source': the arrival of 'scientific giving' Judy Sealander 11. Missions to the world: philanthropy abroad Emily Rosenberg Part III. Philanthropic Reconstructions, 1930-2001: 12. Failure and resilience: pushing the limits in depression and wartime David Hammack 13. Faith and good works: catholic giving and taking Mary Oates 14. In defence of diversity: Jewish thought from assimilation to cultural pluralism Stephen Whitfield 15. Waging the Cold War in the third world: the foundations and the challenges of development Gary Hess 16. Philanthropy, the civil rights movement, and the politics of racial reform Claude Clegg 17. Philanthropy, the welfare state, and the careers of public and private institutions since 1945 Peter Hall Epilogue: The European Comparison William Cohen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".