Periodic limb movements in sleep and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Are they related?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) is an uncommon sleep disorder in the paediatric population. Recently, an association between PLMS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children was identified. OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature and describe the common clinical presentations and pathophysiology related to both ADHD and PLMS. METHODS: A comprehensive, electronic medical literature review was performed using search terms related to both PLMS and ADHD, with age limits applied to select for the paediatric population. A manual review of these articles was performed to identify other key reports relating to the topic. RESULTS: The symptoms of PLMS in children are very similar to those of ADHD. Both disorders are related to dopamine production and metabolism, and both respond to dopaminergic therapy. The coexistence of ADHD and PLMS is reported to occur with some frequency. The potential for misdiagnosis of ADHD in a child with PLMS exists, given the similar clinical presentations. Recommendations regarding the identification of children undergoing evaluation for possible ADHD who may benefit from polysomnography are suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Both ADHD and PLMS may present with daytime symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness and decreased school performance. Physicians should consider PLMS in the differential diagnosis of a child with ADHD symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".