Analytical investigation of simultaneous effects of friction and heating to a supersonic nucleating Laval nozzle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In supersonic water vapor flows of low pressure turbines, the nucleation phenomena and consequent condensation is commonly observed. Internal heat transfer which is caused by phase change is strongly irreversible and has unwanted effects on turbine efficiency. Also, the strike of formed droplets on the surfaces results in large amounts of mechanical damages. Condensation heat release to supersonic flow is named condensation shock and leads to a considerable pressure rise which in turn reduces the outlet velocity and occasionally causes severe oscillations and makes the flow supercritical. The authors have presented a novel analytical approach for the reduction of these unwanted results in Laval nozzles by volumetric heating of the convergent section. In this paper and in continuation of the series of papers by the authors, one dimensional, supersonic and two-phase flow is modeled analytically and the simultaneous effects of volumetric heat transfer and friction in the convergent nozzle are investigated. It is concluded that the simultaneous use of friction and volumetric heatingcan be an appropriate and useful technique for the control of two-phase flow conditions and keeping them in the desired range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".