Bibliographic record
Abstract
We now turn our attention to the system that transports the blood: the heart and blood vessels. From an engineering viewpoint, the circulatory system consists of a remarkably complex branching network of tubes that convey the blood ( the vasculature ; Fig. 4.1), and two pulsatile pumps in series to force the blood through the tubes (the heart). The vasculature consists of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins . On average, no cell in the body is more than approximately 40 μ m away from a capillary, and almost every tissue is thoroughly invested with a capillary network. A typical human contains approximately 5 liters of blood, and at rest the heart pumps approximately 6l/min; consequently, on average, blood circulates throughout the body about once per minute. In this chapter, we emphasize the operation of the components of the circulatory system, how they interact with one another, and how they work in concert to deliver blood to target tissues. Anatomy of the vasculature For reasons to be described below, it is conventional to divide the vasculature into two parts: the pulmonary and systemic circulations. The loop from the right heart, through the lungs, and back to the left heart is known as the pulmonary circulation; the loop from the left heart to the body and back to the right heart is the systemic circulation. Both the pulmonary and systemic vasculature have a similar topology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".