Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the findings from numerical modelling of a sinusoidal culvert and ribbed profile helical steel culvert during backfilling with low overburden fill. Deformation, hoop forces and bending moment in the culvert and stress in the backfill are obtained. A detailed understanding of the culvert throughout the backfilling operation has been developed. The deformed shape of the culvert during backfilling is consistent with the high bending moments. The actual response of an instrumented test culvert is shown to be similar to the predictions from the numerical modelling. The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (2000) considers bending during backfilling. The methods of design in other current world design standards ignore bending effects, assuming hoop compression force is dominant. This assumption does not accurately represent the real behaviour of a helical culvert. It may lead to unacceptably high bending stresses and yielding during backfilling. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E214936.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".