Neuroimaging in epilepsy: The state of the art
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Our understanding of epileptogenesis is still limited. Knowledge is increasing with regard to structural and functional changes in chronic stages of epilepsy. At the same time, we have to appreciate that there is a significant lack of such information in new-onset epilepsy. The First Halifax International Epilepsy Conference tried to fill this gap, focusing on the contribution of advanced neuroimaging in early stages of epilepsy. The following article aims to synthesize the themes that emerged from this meeting. Participants agreed that (1) there is a need for a unified theory of epileptogenesis, addressing the interplay of functional and structural brain changes; (2) neuroimaging reveals widespread brain alterations in epilepsy; (3) advances in neuroimaging challenge the concept of "MRI-negative" (magnetic resonance imaging negative) focal epilepsy; (4) methodologic limitations and potential confounders must be considered in the translation of innovative imaging approaches to clinical practice; and (5) there is an urgent need for longitudinal studies that begin early in the disease process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".