The Presidentialization of politics: a comparative study of modern democracies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. The Presidentialization of Politics in Democratic Societies: A Framework for Analysis The Presidentialization of Democracy in Democratic Societies 2. The British Prime Minister: Much More Than 'First Among Equals' 3. A Presidentializing Party State? The Federal Republic of Germany 4. Presidentialization, Italian Style 5. The Presidentialization of Spanish Democracy: Sources of Prime Ministerial Power in Post-Franco Spain 6. The Low Countries: From 'Prime Minister' to President-Minister 7. Denmark: Presidentialization in a Consensual Democracy 8. 'President Persson' How Did Sweden Get Him? 9. Canada: Executive Dominance and Presidentialization 10. Dyarchic Presidentialization in a Presidentialized Polity: The French Fifth Republic 11. Finland: Let the Force Be with the Leader. But Who Is the Leader? 12. The Presidentialization of Portuguese Democracy? 13. The Failure of Presidential Parliamentarism: Constitutional versus Structural Presidentialization in Israel's Parliamentary Democracy 14. The Semi-Sovereign American Prince: The Dilemma of an Independent President in a Presidential Government 15. The Presidentialization of Contemporary Democratic Politics: Evidence, Causes, and Consequences Index
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".