Bibliographic record
Abstract
Normal hemoglobins Structure and function of hemoglobin Hemoglobin consists of two alpha-like and two beta-like globin chains which combine to form a tetramer. The globin tetramer is hydrophilic on its surface, making the molecule water soluble. The center is hydrophobic, stabilizing the heme ring and the iron molecule in the ferrous state (Fe 2+ ). Located in the interior of each globin chain is a heme ring with an iron molecule in the center. It is in the heme ring that oxygen binding and release take place. In addition to oxygen transport, hemoglobin also plays a minor role in the transport of carbon dioxide, and as a scavenger of nitric oxide (NO). As the partial pressure of oxygen is increased, hemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen. The partial pressure at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated is called the p50. Normal subjects have a p50 between 23 and 27 mmHg. Binding of an oxygen molecule in one heme changes the tetrameric structure so that additional oxygen molecules are bound with greater ease; this property of hemoglobin is called cooperativity, and is dependent on interactions between the globin chains (“heme–heme interaction”). The oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin A is sigmoid shaped because of this cooperativity (Fig. 4.1) [1, 2]. The sigmoid shape reflects how oxygen binding is favored at high oxygen tensions (lungs) and is rapidly released at low oxygen tensions (tissues).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".