Sability-constrained optimal power flow and its application to pricing power system stabilizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new stability constrained optimal power flow technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology accounts for system dynamics through the use of a recently proposed stability index as an additional optimal power flow (OPF) constraint. The technique is developed with the objective of maximizing social benefit in the context of competitive electricity markets. An interior point method (IP) is used to solve the proposed OPF problem, and a 3-bus test system with both supply- and demand-side bidding is used to illustrate its application in electricity markets. The results obtained for the system are compared with respect to results obtained for a previously proposed voltage-stability-constrained OPF technique to demonstrate the effect of oscillatory instabilities on the network and market conditions, in particularly locational marginal prices. A power system stabilizer (PSS) is then introduced in the test system to eliminate the oscillation problems, using the proposed technique to determine the PSS effect on electricity pricing and thus suggest a possible mechanism to price the services provided by this controller.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".