From testamentary freedom to testamentary duty: Finding the balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years legal challenges to charitable bequests by testators' family members have become more common in Australia. Many charities faced with the prospect of a disputed bequest have been reluctant to pursue the matter in the courts. A review of leading reported cases involving charitable bequests in wills reveals that the courts are vigorous in upholding proper family provision as against charitable bequests, portraying this provision as based on moral obligation. Proper provision for family and other dependants is supported by both legislation and the courts on public policy grounds. This concept is confined to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and to a lesser extent England, which are the only countries with comprehensive family provision legislation. The generational transfer of wealth by baby-boomers over the coming decades provides a scenario for increasing conflict between families and charities over bequests. How should this be balanced with the notion of testamentary freedom?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".