Retinoid Signalling and Skeletal Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metabolites of vitamin A, including retinoic acid (RA), comprise a class of molecules known to be important in development and homeostasis. RA functions through a class of nuclear hormone receptors, the RA receptors (RARs), to regulate gene transcription. In the developing mammalian limb, RA affects the differentiation of many cell lineages, including those of the chondrogenic lineage. In excess, RA is a potent teratogen, causing characteristic skeletal defects in a stage- and dose-dependent manner. Genetic analysis has shown that the absence of RARs leads to severe deficiencies in cartilage formation at certain anatomical locations while promoting ectopic cartilage formation at other sites. Expression of either a dominant-negative or a weak constitutively active RAR in the developing limbs of transgenic mice adversely affects chondrogenesis leading to skeletal malformations. Together, these results show that RAR-mediated signalling plays a fundamental role in skeletogenesis. This chapter will focus on the function of RARs in regulating chondroblast differentiation and the contribution of RA signalling to appositional and longitudinal growth of the skeletal primordia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".