Address to the Environmental Regulation, Energy, and Market Entry Symposium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emerging issue that I want to discuss is LNG.First, I would like to say that, although I am the Commissioner of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC"), these are my personal views and not necessarily the views of the Commission.I would also like to note that the spontaneity that I used to have as a law professor has been tempered given my present position.I will address what LNG is and why it is an emerging issue.I will also discuss the environmental, safety, regulatory, and economic concerns surrounding LNG, and the broad public policy issue of emerging dependence on foreign gas.LNG stands for "liquefied natural gas."Many people think that LNG is a gas that is ready to explode.That is not correct.In fact, I think that the name is probably a misnomer or an unsatisfactory title.LNG is a cold liquid.It is not held under pressure.It is superchilled methane.Methane in its natural state (i.e., unchilled) is a gas which we commonly call natural gas.Methane is traditionally transported to us through pipelines, as a gas.However, if methane needs to be transported across the ocean, it cannot be transported as a gas.It must be transported as a liquid, and it becomes a liquid by chilling it.LNG is typically shipped by a tanker in cryogenic tanks that lose almost no heat in the transport process.When the tanker arrives at the terminal, the LNG is warmed so that it turns into a vapor that then enters the pipeline system.The reason why LNG is an emerging issue is very simple.In the United States, our demand for gas is outstripping our supply.Traditionally, almost all gas consumed in the United States is delivered by pipeline from our domestic production or from Canada.U.S. demand for natural gas continues to grow.Until recently, it has † Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.034 | 0.016 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.064 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".